The Jibal region is situated between Khorasan, Khuzestan, and Fars, as well as Arab Iraq and Azerbaijan, and possesses a relatively distinct economic geography. This region has experienced changes throughout different historical periods due to various internal and external factors. Economic geography, as a branch of human geography, examines the relationship between humans and nature, focusing on how humans utilize resources. However, the role and significance of location or natural geography should be considered first. Using library research, in line with the nature of historical inquiry and through a descriptive approach, this study examines the economic geography of the Jibal region and the influence of various factors from the 3rd to the 6th century A.H. (9th–12th century CE). The findings indicate that geographical factors, manifested through historical events, played a decisive role in the fluctuations of Jibal’s economic geography. Moreover, the combination and interaction of spatial and human factors have led either to prosperity, diversity, and abundance or to decline, stagnation, and limited economic development in the region.