The poor state of healthcare and sanitary conditions in the late Qajar period led to widespread transmission of infectious diseases, which continued into the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi. A comprehensive examination of the first Pahlavi government's public health policies in Fars Province, particularly during the 1931 cholera outbreak, remains a significant yet underexplored topic in the historiography of modern Iran. The present study, using a historical methodology and drawing on archival documents and library resources, aims firstly to analyze the epidemiological factors contributing to disease transmission in Fars Province, and secondly to investigate the measures taken by the government during this period. Key findings include the origin of the disease outbreak in Fars Province, the effectiveness of containment measures such as quarantine, and the systemic constraints and obstacles faced by the government during the intervention. The Fars Province Health Department's response to the 1931 epidemics was severely hindered by inadequate financial support from the central government, which led to a managerial crisis for the provincial authorities. As a result, despite the diligent efforts of local medical professionals, the province experienced elevated mortality rates. Instead of providing immediate resources, the central authorities only pledged to increase financial support in the next year.